Crystal Mosque

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Product Name: Crystal Mosque
Item No.: 3D laser 0011

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A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. The word is likely to have entered the English language through French (mosquée), from Portuguese (mesquita), from Spanish (mezquita), and from Berber (tamezgida), ultimately originating in Arabic: masjid مسجد‎ — Arabic pronunciation: [ˈmæsdʒɪd].^[1] The Arabic word masjid literally means a place of prostration. The word "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship, although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller masjid dedicated for the daily five prayers and the larger masjid jāmi (مسجد جامع) where the daily five prayers and the Friday congregation sermons are held with a high volume of attendance exist strict and detailed requirements in Sunni fiqh for a place of worship to be considered a masjid, with They have developed significantly from the open-air spaces that were the Quba Mosque and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi in the 7th century. Many mosques have elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls. Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula, but are now found in all inhabited continents.places that do not meet these requirements regarded as Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesmusallas^[2] There are stringent restrictions on the uses of the area formally demarcated as the masjid (which is often a small portion of the larger complex), and, in the Sharia, once an area is formally designated as a masjid, it remains so until the Last Day.^[2]

The mosque serves as a place where Muslims can come together for salat (prayer) (Arabic: صلاة‎, ṣalāt) as well as a center for information, education, and dispute settlement. The Imam leads the prayer.

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesLarge mosques play sometimes a political role as well. In Islamic countries like Pakistan, Iran, and Iraq (after 2003), political subjects are preached by imams at Friday congregations on a regular basis.^[3] In other Islamic countries, imams are usually banned from mentioning political issues.

History

The minaret at the Great Mosque of Xi'an, China.

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesGrand entryways and tall towers, or minarets, have long been and continue to be closely associated with mosques. However, the first three masajid were very simple open spaces on the Arabian Peninsula. Masajid evolved significantly over the next 1,000 years, acquiring their now-distinctive features and adapting to cultures around the world.

amenities, as some have Islamic schools (madrassas) while others have hospitals or tombs.^[6] Built soon after the conquest of northwest Africa, the first mosque built in this region is the Great Mosque of Kairouan (in Tunisia) founded by the Umayyad general Uqba Ibn Nafi during the second half of the 7th century and considered as the oldest place of worship in the western Islamic world.^[7]^[8] The Great Mosque of Kairouan, which is one of the most significant and best preserved examples of early Islamic mosques,^[8] served due to its architectural characteristics as a model to many later mosques especially in North Africa and Andalusia

This wooden mosque Kruszyniany, Poland shows the influence of Central European folk religious architecture.

The first Chinese mosque was established in the eighth century in Xi'an. Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies。The Great Mosque of Xi'an, whose current building dates from the eighteenth century, does not replicate many of the features often associated with traditional mosques. Instead, it follows traditional Chinese architecture. It is distinguished from other buildings by its green roof (Buddhist temples are often built with a yellow roof). Mosques in western China incorporate more traditional elements seen in mosques in other parts of the world. Western Chinese mosques were more likely to incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like pagodas.^[11]

The Great Mosque of Paris, France with a clear Berber architecture style.

Masjid Kampung Hulu in Malacca, Malaysia.

By the fifteenth century, Islam had become the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia's two most populous islands. Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesAs with Hinduism and Buddhism before it, the new religion and its accompanying foreign influences were absorbed and reinterpreted, with mosques given a unique Indonesian/Javanese interpretation. At the time, Javanese mosques took many design cues from Hindu, Buddhist, and even Chinese architectural influences. They lacked, for example, the ubiquitous Islamic dome which did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century, but had tall timber, multi-level roofs not too dissimilar to the pagodas of Balinese Hindu temples still common today. A number of significant early mosques survive, particularly along the north coast of Java. These include the Mesjid Agung back in Demak, built in 1474, and the Grand Mosque of Yogyakarta that feature multi-level roofs. Javanese styles in turn influenced the architectural styles of mosques among Indonesia's Austronesian neighbors: Malaysia, Brunei and the southern Philippines.

In IndiaCrystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies, the first mosque has been claimed as Cheraman Juma Masjid in the early 7th century, but this claim is dubious. They diffused into a majority of India only during the reign of the Mughal empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Mughals brought their own form of architecture that included pointed, onion-shaped domes, as seen in Delhi's Jama Masjid. Mughal style became the dominant feature in many of the old mosques in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Mosques first arrived in the Ottoman Empire (mostly present-day Turkey) during the eleventh century, when many local Turks converted to Islam. Several of the first mosques in the Ottoman Empire, such as the Hagia Sophia in present-day Istanbul, were originally churches or cathedrals in the Byzantine Empire. The Ottomans created their own design of mosques, which included large central domes, multiple minarets, and open façades. The Ottoman style of mosque usually included elaborate columns, aisles, and high ceilings in the interior, while incorporating traditional elements, such as the mihrab.^[12] Today, Turkey is still home to many mosques that display this Ottoman style of architecture.

Mosques gradually diffused to different parts of Europe,Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies but the most rapid growth in the number of mosques has occurred within the past century as more Muslims have migrated to the continent. Major European cities, such as Rome, London, and Munich, are home to mosques that feature traditional domes and minarets. These large mosques in urban centers are supposed to serve as community and social centers for a large group of Muslims that occupy the region. However, one can still find smaller mosques in more suburban and rural regions throughout Europe where Muslims populate, an example of this is the Shah Jahan Masjid in Woking, the first purpose built mosque in the UK.Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies

Mosques first appeared in the United States in the early twentieth century, the likely first being one in Maine built by Albanian immigrants in 1915.^[13] Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesas more immigrants continue to arrive in the country, especially from South Asia, the number of American mosques is increasing faster than ever before. Whereas only two percent of the country's mosques appeared in the United States before 1950, eighty-seven percent of American mosques were founded after 1970 and fifty percent of American mosques founded after 1980.^[14]

[edit] Conversion of places of worship

Main article: Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques

The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria was a Byzantine church before the Islamic conquest of the Levant. Some ecclesiastical elements are still evident.

According to early Muslim historians, towns that surrendered without resistance and made treaties with the Muslims gave the Muslims permission to take their churches and synagogues. One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in Damascus, Syria, where in 705 Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I bought the church of St. John from the Christians and had it rebuilt as a mosque in exchange for building a number of new churches for the Christians in Damascus. Overall, Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesAbd al-Malik (Al-Waleed's father) is said to have transformed 10 churches in Damascus into mosques.

Mosques have also been converted for use by other religions, notably in southern Spain, following the conquest of the Moors in 1492.^[16] The most prominent of them is the Great Mosque of Cordoba. The Iberian Peninsula & Southeast Europe are other regions in the world where such instances occurred once no longer under Muslim rule.

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies

The Lipka Tatar mosque in the village of Bohoniki, Poland.

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies

The Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.

Islam's holiest month, Ramadan, is observed through many events. As Muslims must fast during the day during Ramadan, mosques will host iftar dinners after sunset and the fourth required prayer of the day, maghrib. Food is provided, at least in part, by members of the community, thereby creating nightly potluck dinners. Because of the community contribution necessary to serve iftar dinners, mosques with smaller congregations may not be able to host

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesFollowing the last obligatory daily prayer (Isha'a) special, optional tarawih prayers are offered in larger mosques. During each night of prayers, which can last for up to two hours each night,Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies usually one member of the community who has memorized the entire Qur'an (a Hafiz) will recite a segment of the book.^[19] Sometimes, several such people (not necessarily of the local community) take turns to do this. During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques will host all-night programs to observe Laylat al-Qadr, the night Muslims believe that Muhammad first received Qur'anic revelations.^[19] On that night, between sunset and sunrise, mosques employ speakers to educate congregants in attendance about Islam. Mosques or the community usually provide meals periodically throughout the night.

During the last ten days of Ramadan,Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies larger mosques within the Muslim community will host i'tikaf, a practice in which at least one Muslim man from the community must participate. Muslims performing i'tikaf are required to stay within the mosque for ten consecutive days, often in worship or learning about Islam. As a result, the rest of the Muslim community is responsible for providing the participants with food, drinks, and whatever else they need during their stay.^[19]

The third of the Five Pillars of Islam states that Muslims are required to give approximately one-fortieth of their wealth to charity as zakat.^[20] Since mosques form the center of Muslim communities, they are where Muslims go to both give zakat and, if necessary, collect it. Prior to the holiday of Eid ul-Fitr, mosques also collect a special zakat that is supposed to assist in helping poor Muslims attend the prayers and celebrations associated with the holiday.

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies

Mosque in Cuiabá, Brazil.

[edit] Advocacy

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesCountries with a minority Muslim population are more likely than Muslim-majority countries of the Greater Middle East to use mosques as a way to promote civic participation.^[21] American mosques host voter registration and civic participation drives that promote involving Muslims, who are often first- or second-generation immigrants, in the political process. As a result of these efforts as well as attempts at mosques to keep Muslims informed about the issues facing the Muslim community, regular mosque attendants are more likely to participate in protests, sign petitions, and otherwise be involved in politics.^[21]

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesNevertheless, a link between political views and mosque attendance can still be seen in other parts of the world.^[22] Following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in February 2006, imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and Friday prayers as vehicles to call for calm and peace in the midst of widespread violence.^[23]

[edit] Social conflict

The 16th Century Babri Mosque in India was destroyed by Hindu demonstrators in 1992.

See also: Babri Masjid, Islamophobia, and Israeli-Palestinian conflict

As they are considered important to the Muslim community, mosques, like other places of worship, can be at the heart of social conflicts.

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies

A February 2006 bombing that seriously damaged Iraq's al-Askari Mosque, exacerbated tensions that had already existed. Other mosque bombings in Iraq, both before and after the February 2006 bombing, have been part of the conflict between the country's groups of Muslims. However, mosque bombings have not been exclusive to Iraq; in June 2005, a suicide bomber killed at least 19 people at an Afghan Shia mosque near Jade Maivand.^[25] In April 2006, two explosions occurred at India's Jama Masjid.

Following the September 11 attacks, several American mosques were targeted in attacks ranging from simple vandalism to arson.^[26] FurthermoreCrystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim supplies, the Jewish Defense League was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California.^[27] Similar attacks occurred throughout the United Kingdom following the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Outside the Western world, in June 2001, the Hassan Bek Mosque was the target of vandalism and attacks by hundreds of Israelis

Crystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesCrystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the Christian Church souvenirs, Muslim suppliesCrystal souvenir mosque, mosques model, the

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